Craftsmen in monasteries (and later in universities) created illuminated manuscripts: handmade sacred and secular books with colored illustrations, gold and silver lettering and other adornments. Frescoes and mosaics decorated church interiors, and artists painted devotional images of the Virgin Mary, Jesus and the saints.Īlso, before the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, even books were works of art. Medieval religious art took other forms as well. In contrast to heavy Romanesque buildings, Gothic architecture seems to be almost weightless. Gothic structures, such as the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in France and the rebuilt Canterbury Cathedral in England, have huge stained-glass windows, pointed vaults and arches (a technology developed in the Islamic world), and spires and flying buttresses. (Examples of Romanesque architecture include the Porto Cathedral in Portugal and the Speyer Cathedral in present-day Germany.)Īround 1200, church builders began to embrace a new architectural style, known as the Gothic. Romanesque cathedrals are solid and substantial: They have rounded masonry arches and barrel vaults supporting the roof, thick stone walls and few windows. The Fall of Acre in 1291 marked the destruction of the last remaining Crusader refuge in the Holy Land, and Pope Clement V dissolved the Knights Templar in 1312.īetween the 10th and 13th centuries, most European cathedrals were built in the Romanesque style. Many of them, however, were robbed and killed as they crossed through Muslim-controlled territories during their journey.Īround 1118, a French knight named Hugues de Payens created a military order along with eight relatives and acquaintances that became the Knights Templar, and they won the eventual support of the pope and a reputation for being fearsome fighters. In 1099, Christian armies captured Jerusalem from Muslim control, and groups of pilgrims from across Western Europe started visiting the Holy Land. The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a Christian army to fight its way to Jerusalem, and continued on and off until the end of the 15th century. (They also received more worldly rewards, such as papal protection of their property and forgiveness of some kinds of loan payments.) Crusaders, who wore red crosses on their coats to advertise their status, believed that their service would guarantee the remission of their sins and ensure that they could spend all eternity in Heaven. Toward the end of the 11th century, the Catholic Church began to authorize military expeditions, or Crusades, to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land. The people of the Middle Ages had squandered the advancements of their predecessors, this argument went, and mired themselves instead in what 18th-century English historian Edward Gibbon called “barbarism and religion.” Accordingly, they dismissed the period after the fall of Rome as a “Middle” or even “Dark” age in which no scientific accomplishments had been made, no great art produced, no great leaders born. Starting around the 14th century, European thinkers, writers and artists began to look back and celebrate the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. The phrase “Middle Ages” tells us more about the Renaissance that followed it than it does about the era itself. Many scholars call the era the “medieval period” instead “Middle Ages,” they say, incorrectly implies that the period is an insignificant blip sandwiched between two much more important epochs. However you can complete one tree (agriculture or production) without touching the other.People use the phrase “Middle Ages” to describe Europe between the fall of Rome in 476 CE and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Reduces production time for resources.Įach row of the technology tree must be completed before progressing to the next. Production II - Cost: 831 logs, 665 stone, 486 ore, 297 clay. Reduces time for mining ore, stone and clay. Ore Mining I (requires Production I) - Cost: 118 stone, 86 ore.Tools Production I (requires Production I) - Cost: 178 logs, 104 ore.Reduces production time of food in the Bakery (doesn't impact windmill). Food Production I (requires Production I) - Cost: 134 stone, 62 hay.Production I - Cost: 415 logs, 332 stone, 155 hay. Forestry I (requires Agriculture I) - Cost: 118 logs, 42 clay.Animal breeding I (requires Agriculture I) - Cost: 158 logs, 59 hay.Accelerates crops and trees growth on fields and orchards. Agronomy I (requires Agriculture I) - Cost: 110 stone, 81 ore.Improves condition for animals, crops and trees and accelerates their reproduction and growth. Agriculture I - Cost: 356 logs, 285 stone, 127 hay.
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